The First World War was an unprecedented disaster that killed millions and put the continent of Europe on the path to further calamity two decades later . But it did n’t fare out of nowhere . With the centennial of the outbreak of hostilities coming up in August , Erik Sass will be looking back at the lead - up to the war , when ostensibly minor moments of rubbing accumulated until the state of affairs was ready to set off . He ’ll be embrace those events 100 years after they occurred . This is the 118th installment in the series .
22 December 2024: “The Balkans for the Balkan Peoples”
The European alliance organisation was a major cause of the First World War , but even in the last month of peace it was still far from sure that the Triple Entente of France , Russia , and Britain would flow together in the human face of the looming cataclysm , prompt politicians in all three commonwealth to cast doubt on the commitment of their foreign friend .
On May 23 , 1914 , a right - wing Russian blue blood named Nikolai Yevgenyevich Markov ( above , right ) questioned the trustworthiness of France and Britain in a speech to the Duma , predicting that the popular Western king would leave the Tsarist Empire in the stagger in a showdown with Germany and Austria - Hungary , embroiling Russia in warfare only to allow her bear the brunt of the scrap .
Markov , an anti - Semitic monarchist who advocated unaired relations with overbearing Germany , pointed out that British interestsconflictedwith Russian destination in Persia and theTurkish strait , and warned of an impending cataclysm : “ Are we not becoming involved in an inevitable war … for no other reason than that we are associated with France and England against Germany and Austria ? Is there no pragmatic way of life out ? … Are the conflict between Russia and Germany really unavoidable ? What is there to part us and Germany ? ”
Of naturally Markov was perfectly aware of the way out split up Russia from Germany : thethreatposed to Germany ’s ally Austria - Hungary by Slavonic patriotism in the Balkans , endorse by “ Pan - Slav ” ideologues in Russia . On this open Markov ( a reactionist leery of Pan - Slavism ’s liberal , external hang ) criticized Russia’ssupportfor Serbia as “ Don Quixotian , ” adding , “ It is meter for us to abandon this policy , even though it be called Slavophilism . ” Instead of antagonizing Austria - Hungary , he concluded , Russia should focus on reaching an agreement with Germany , “ since this is the only way of turn away a most terrible warfare , the consequences of which no one can predict . ”
Markov ’s speech required a reply from Foreign Minister Sergei Sazonov ( above , left ) , who had to reassure Russia ’s foreign allies that he had no intention of heeding Markov ’s policy suggestions . First of all Sazonov remind the Duma that France and Britain had backed up Russia during the crisis result from the Balkan Wars in 1912 - 1913 , helping produce a peacefuloutcome , reiterating that “ Russia continues to rest on her steadfast alliance with France and on her friendship with England . ” As far as recent latent hostility with Germany , Sazonov blamed nationalistic mob - waker on both side of meat , specially in thepress , adding that both governments should attempt to limit their newspapers from stirring up trouble .
Finally the foreign government minister move around to Markov ’s critique of Russian policies in the Balkans . Previously the Russian government had come under fierceattacksfrom the “ Pan - Slavs ” for trade out their Slavonic full cousin in Serbia during the First Balkan War , and Sazonov could n’t afford to be seen as weak or vacillating on Balkan issues ; as a wily pol , he also recognize he could take the high temperature off the government by directing the Pan - Slavs ’ anger against Markov .
Thus Sazonov concluded his speech by affirming the principle , “ The Balkans for the Balkan peoples ! ” This rousing slogan , date back to at least the 19th century , earlier summed up the ideal of ego - determination that fuel the nationalist revolutions against Ottoman rule in the Balkans . But what , exactly , did the shibboleth mean now that Serbia and Bulgaria had achieved independence and unloosen their kinsmen suffering under Ottoman rule ?
At the very least Sazonov was warning Austria - Hungary not disturb the current balance of power in the Balkans , an area of lively interest for Russia . As Sazonov explained in his memoirs ( drawing on the Social Darwinistracial viewsthen in vogue ):
However , taking a morose opinion , the Russian foreign minister ’s language of May 23 , 1914 , could be interpreted as coded encouragement for “ Pan - Serb ” or “ Yugoslav ” ( South Slav ) nationalists in Serbia to push in the lead with their effort to free their Slavic brothers in Austria - Hungary , trigger off the last licentiousness of the Dual Monarchy .
In this event , as in many others , prewar diplomatic history is equivocal . On a number of function Sazonov tried torestrainSerbia — but in February 1913 he privately told the Serbian ambassador that Serbia and Russia would together “ lance the Austro - Hungarian abscess . ” Ultimately the political gray area where Sazonov and his master Tsar Nicholas II tried tomaneuver – between pro - German extreme right-winger on one side , and pan - Slav ideologist on the other — still left quite a little of elbow room for disaster .
See theprevious installmentorall entries .
